Did you find this useful? (E) The injection of Evans blue into the tail vein resulted in multiple leakages in the PAH mouse brain, but not in the normotensive mouse brain during late pregnancy. An increased number of wake episodes during late pregnancy was observed during both the light phase (F = 6.540, df = 4, p < .0001; Figure 2C) and dark phase (F = 10.806, df = 4, p < .0001; Figure 2C). The NREMS time was also similar before, early, mid, and after pregnancy (Figure 5D). However, behavior of the offspring was altered. Brunner DP, Münch M, Biedermann K, Huch R, Huch A, Borbély A. Takimoto E, Ishida J, Sugiyama F, Horiguchi H, Murakami K, Fukamizu A. Hrabě de Angelis M, Nicholson G, Selloum Met al. Total REMS time was not significantly changed before, during, and after pregnancy (Figure 2G). Several scores of aggressive behavior rose progressively with the advance of gestation and reached a maximum toward the time of parturition. PAH mice in late pregnancy continuously exhibited abnormal EEG and EMG with increased slower activity in EEG and lower variability in EMG during wakefulness, and lower amplitude EEG and continuous EMG activities during NREMS (Figure 1C). Since there were many epochs that we could not properly classify into wake or NREMS during late pregnancy, we evaluated the sleep/wakefulness of PAH mice except for those in late pregnancy. Among a variety of inbred mice strains, C57BL/6 mice have been well characterized as a common platform for a variety of physiological and pathological characteristics, including sleep/wakefulness. Pregnant Mouse Behavior? Some women appear to breeze through pregnancy with no problems at all. By using optogenetic and pharmacogenetic approaches, the understanding of neural circuitries regulating sleep/wake behaviors has rapidly progressed [12]. (A) Representative daily EEG spectrogram during late pregnancy in a PAH mouse that was administered olmesartan. Hormonal changes underlie the first component to appear in the pregnant mouse female, nest building; however the sound of pups can also induce nest building in non-pregnant nulliparious (virgin) females. Similarly, the total wake time during the dark phase during late pregnancy was significantly shorter than that before and during early pregnancy (F = 5.949, df = 4, p = .001; Figure 2A). The total δ density of postpartum PAH mice was reduced to a level similar to that of PAH mice in mid pregnancy (Figure 4A). de Gasparo M, Catt KJ, Inagami T, Wright JW, Unger T. Saito T, Ishida J, Takimoto-Ohnishi Eet al. Physiol Rev 98: 1805–1908, 2018. This was not an industry-supported study. Murata K, Baasanjav A, Kwon C, Hashimoto M, Ishida J, Fukamizu A. Manfredi M, Beltramello A, Bongiovanni LG, Polo A, Pistoia L, Rizzuto N. Camara-Lemarroy CR, Escobedo-Zúñiga N, Villarreal-Garza E, García-Valadez E, Góngora-Rivera F, Villarreal-Velázquez HJ. EEG spectrum analysis during the course of pregnancy in PAH mice, except for during late pregnancy. Olmesartan-administered PAH mice showed a REMS episode duration similar to PAH mice (Figure 7D) and increased numbers of REMS episodes (F = 25.613, df = 2, p < .0001, Figure 7E). They love to nestle and burrow into their nests to hide from frightful human eyes (and brooms!). The total REMS time of PAH mice was only 4.3 ± 1.9 min (mean ± SEM), but olmesartan-administered PAH mice showed a significantly longer REMS time (F = 17.230, df = 2, p < .0001, Figure 7C). One-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. (A) Power density during wake before, during, and after pregnancy in wild-type mice. Although PAH mice still slowly responded to external stimuli and obtained food and water during late pregnancy, these animals rarely showed spontaneous and swift movements, staying in the nest area almost all day. To average the possible variability in sleep during the estrous cycle, we analyzed for 4 consecutive days to assess sleep/wake behaviors before pregnancy. Mice are social and care better for their young when they are housed with friends. A decreased time spent in REMS was associated with a reduced REMS episode duration (Figure 8H), but not with significant changes in the REMS episode number (Figure 8I). How to Know if Platy Fish is Pregnant? MY is a former Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Corresponding Author: Hiromasa Funato, MD, PhD or Masashi Yanagisawa, MD, PhD, International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan. The daily time spent in wakefulness decreased and the total NREMS time increased during late pregnancy, primarily reflecting increased NREMS during the dark phase, consistent with the long NREMS in pregnant rats [40, 41]. Furthermore, PAH mice may be useful as an animal model for eclampsia. she mated with a male from the pet store cage not mine. (B) δ-Densities of all epochs of nonpregnant PAH (normotensive) mice (n = 6), PAH mice (n = 6), and olmesartan-administered PAH mice (n = 5) during late pregnancy. We thank all Yanagisawa/Funato lab and IIIS members for discussion and comments on this manuscript and Go Taniguchi for his comments on spike-wave seizures. Importantly, the sleep/wake behaviors of postpartum mice were similar to nonpregnant mice, despite lactation and increased prolactin and oxytocin. As an animal model of preeclampsia, pregnancy-associated hypertensive (PAH) mice have been developed by crossing female mice carrying the human angiotensinogen transgene with male mice carrying the human renin transgene [9]. An increased total REMS during postpartum was observed during the light phase (F = 11.141, df = 3, p = .0008; Figure 5G), but not during the dark phase. Since PAH mice did not raise newborn pups and ignored them, pups of PAH mice were killed by decapitation. In PAH mice, when a female angiotensinogen transgenic mouse conceives embryos carrying the human renin transgene, the pregnant mouse shows hypertension and proteinuria in late pregnancy because the human renin produced from the placenta processes human angiotensinogen into angiotensin I [9] and subsequently angiotensin II. Identify the sex of your hamster. Olmesartan treatment did not alter the total time, episode duration, or episode number of wakefulness, NREMS, or REMS in male wild-type mice (data not shown). To evaluate the validity of PAH mice as a model of eclampsia, further studies using magnesium sulfate, the most potent anticonvulsant for eclampsia patients [22], may be necessary. Total time, episode duration, episode number, EEG power density, and δ density of wild-type and PAH mice were compared during the course of pregnancy using one-way repeated measures ANOVA (analysis of variance) followed by post hoc Tukey’s test. Strain differences have been demonstrated in behavior such as nest building and nursing (Weber & Olsson, 2008). is in danger, running around the cage, carrying young here and there and dropping them. Periodic discharges of EEG during late pregnancy in PAH mice. (A) Representative 8-s EEG and EMG during wake, NREMS, and REMS during mid and late pregnancy and postpartum in a wild-type mouse. And if an opening is not big enough to squeeze through, the mouse can gnaw it until it is big enough. Do they make noise? Increased angiotensin II causes acute and severe hypertension with proteinuria in PAH mice [9, 25], which can be alleviated by olmesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, from 150–160 to 120 mm Hg in late pregnancy, which was still higher than that of normal pregnant mice, 100–110 mm Hg [26, 27]. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING TO BEHAVIOR Benjamin Jurek and Inga D. Neumann Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany L Jurek B, Neumann ID. Does Investing in Low-income Urban Neighborhoods Improve Sleep? The present study showed that PAH mice exhibited markedly abnormal vigilance states with a generalized slowing of EEG during late pregnancy. n = 8; *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Sleep/wake behaviors of THM. (A–C) Total time spent in wake (A), wake episode duration (B), and wake episode number (C) before, during early and mid pregnancy, and postpartum in PAH mice. Hi everyone! (D–F) Total time spent in NREM sleep (NREMS) (D), NREMS episode duration (E), and NREMS episode number (F) before, during early and mid-pregnancy, and postpartum in PAH mice. Fee is pregnant! Five THM and eight wild-type mice. In most cases, the mice gave birth on day 19. After copulation, it will take a couple of weeks for physical signs of platy fish pregnancy to appear. (C) Power density during REMS before, during, and after pregnancy. Iida S, Baumbach GL, Lavoie JL, Faraci FM, Sigmund CD, Heistad DD. EEG or EMG signals were amplified using a bioamplifier (#AB-611J, Nihon Koden), filtered (EEG: 0.3–300 Hz; EMG: 30–300 Hz), digitized at a sampling rate of 250 Hz, and displayed using LabView (National Instruments)-based custom-made software. If she doesn't care for them and they are less than 10 days of age, it is extremely difficult to save the babies. Subsequently, 4 mL/kg of Evans blue solution was injected into the tail vein of PAH and normotensive control mice under anesthesia using 1.5% isoflurane in late pregnancy. Decreasing Insulin Requirements in Pregnancy with Preexisting or Gestational Diabetes: Management Practices across Canada. Olmesartan-administered PAH mice did not show general slowing of EEG. Takimoto-Ohnishi E, Saito T, Ishida Jet al. Like a typical human teenager, mice are undeniably nocturnal and voraciously hungry. The house mouse has a sharp sense of hearing and communicates with other house mice through squeaks. A doe giving birth should never be disturbed. As a normotensive control, we used pregnant human angiotensinogen transgenic mice mated with male human angiotensin transgenic mice. It is important to mention first that the mother rat may not … Parry BL, Fernando Martínez L, Maurer EL, López AM, Sorenson D, Meliska CJ. Reference: Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K and Behringer R. 2003. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation in patients without hypertension prior to pregnancy [19–22]. Tsukuba hypertensive mice showed a normal time spent in wakefulness and NREM sleep and a decreased total REM sleep time. They become more active at night and are always looking for food sources. Angiotensin II is a major factor inducing hypertension in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system [56]. Identifying and characterizing longitudinal patterns of insomnia across the deployment cycle in active duty Army Soldiers, Association of Objectively Measured Sleep with Frailty and 5-year Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Memory-relevant nap sleep physiology in healthy and pathological aging, Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience of Sleep, Basic Science of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Night Sleep of Patients with Chronic Ventilatory Failure and Age Matched Controls: Number and Duration of the EEG Episodes of Intervening Wakefulness and Drowsiness, Cross-participant prediction of vigilance stages through the combined use of wPLI and wSMI EEG functional connectivity metrics, Sleep–wake regulation in preterm and term infants, Suicidal ideation is associated with nighttime wakefulness in a community sample. The EEG power density in each frequency bin was expressed as a percentage of the mean total EEG power over all frequency bins and sleep/wake states. To the best of our knowledge, however, there have been no published studies on sleep/wakefulness during pregnancy in mice. For example, pregnant women are often more anxious about the possibility of bodily harm. Maternal interactions have implications in the physiological, psychological, and social development or mice and some of these effects remain into adulthood. Two-tailed t-test. TCM use in pregnant women and nursing mothers: A study from Turkey. We also suggest that PAH mice may be a useful model for the development of therapeutic intervention for eclampsia. Brussé IA, Peters NC, Steegers EA, Duvekot JJ, Visser GH. We also examined the sleep/wake behaviors of PAH mice and nonpregnant female THM. EEG spectrum analysis during the course of pregnancy in wild-type mice. Takahashi S, Fukamizu A, Hasegawa Tet al. Thus, PAH mice exhibit a pathophysiologic mechanism similar to human eclampsia during late pregnancy. International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. Thus, increased estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy may work to enhance wakefulness. ; WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network. females can become pregnant within a day of giving birth (postpartum estrus) ... and phenotypes that affect pup development, nursing behavior, aggression, and fertility. (A) δ-Densities of all epochs during mid, late, and after pregnancy. In humans and other mammals, sleep is altered during pregnancy. ISBN 0-87969-574-9. (G–I) Total time spent in REM sleep (REMS) (G), REMS episode duration (H), and REMS episode number (I). NREMS during late pregnancy is not presented because there are many intermediate epochs that are not classified into NREMS or wakefulness. 2. The data from individual mice are presented as the group mean ± SEM. During the dark phase, the wake episode duration before pregnancy was significantly longer than that during mid and late pregnancy and after pregnancy (F = 4.898, df = 4, p = .004; Figure 2B). *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. We excluded the sleep/wake data for mice that died or were sick during pregnancy or postpartum. A short REMS episode duration was recognized from mid pregnancy through postpartum. Pregnancy affected REMS differently from wakefulness and NREMS. However in captivity, it is considered a maladaptive behavior. During the dark phase, there was no difference in the REMS episode duration (Figure 2H). (A) Power density during wake before, during early and mid pregnancy, and postpartum in PAH mice. Maternal behavior is elicited through a combination of hormonal factors and external stimuli from the pups. The wake episode duration during the light phase during late pregnancy was shorter than that before and after pregnancy (F = 4.270, df = 4, p = .008; Figure 2B). Four electrode pins were lowered to the dura under stereotaxic control, and two flexible wires for EMG recording were inserted in the neck muscles and subsequently attached to the skull using dental cement. n = 6; *p < .05. Epochs containing movement artifacts were included in the state totals but excluded from subsequent spectral analysis. Thus, a large-scale gene knockout program has been developed as a resource using C57BL/6 mice [13], and the subsequent phenomics program has continued to uncover the phenotypes of gene knockout mice [14]. (B) Representative daily EEG spectrogram during mid and late pregnancy and postpartum in a wild-type mouse. I have a fancy mouse, Hilda, who is currently pregnant. For postpartum, we evaluated the third and fourth days after delivery because sleep/wake behaviors during the first 2 days after delivery varied widely depending on the time of delivery and the number of pups. Since THM and olmesartan-administered PAH mice showed similar levels of hypertension, increased blood pressure may result in decreased REMS time, although further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanistic link between hypertension and REMS regulation. In sleep/wakefulness in female C57BL/6 mice during pregnancy, and DHA supplementation ameliorated some of these changes, we the!, Meliska CJ inside of the present study showed pregnant-stage-specific changes in pregnant mouse behavior in female mice..01, * * p <.05, * * p <.001 EEG during. Development or mice and nonpregnant THM were maintained on a C57BL/6 background Aswathy BS, Kumar,... In late pregnancy where the similarities between the lovable adolescent and the less-than-adorable house mouse end analysis. 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